Mmm, there are so many great pieces of equipment that physicists use! It would have to be a toss-up between an optical microscope, an electron microscope and a thing called a Phase Locked Loop Amplifier. The microscopes are wonderful, because they allow you to see and understand things that can’t be seen with the naked eye – a tremendous amount of science has happened because of them. But I’m going to go for the Phase Locked Loop Amplifier – sometimes called a lock-in amplifier.
I haven’t used one of these in years. But what it does is allow you to track and measure a really, really small signal (often an electrical signal), even when there’s a whole lot else going on. Which means that you can make measurements under really difficult conditions.
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